Portugal and Spain Lecture (YouTube Video Transcript)

(00:00:00) Your YouTube transcript will appear here (00:00:01) the first European contact with the (00:00:04) Americas came around the Year 1000 (00:00:06) around the same time as the development (00:00:09) of Cahokia Leif Eriksson a Viking is (00:00:12) believed to have landed at Newfoundland (00:00:14) however no permanent settlement was (00:00:16) established until several hundred years (00:00:18) later following Rome's collapse in 476 (00:00:23) the power shifted eastward to Christian (00:00:26) Byzantium or Constantinople centered in (00:00:29) present-day Istanbul Turkey the (00:00:32) Byzantine Empire fought Islamic (00:00:34) expansion Roman and Greek literature (00:00:36) were used by the Arabs they began (00:00:38) seafaring traders between Europe and (00:00:41) Asia they met the Venetians in Asia (00:00:43) Minor and began trade European food was (00:00:47) generally bland there was no spur (00:00:49) Federation food spoiled spices such as (00:00:53) pepper ginger and cloves from the East (00:00:57) Indies made the bad food more palatable (00:01:00) Istanbul fell to the Ottoman Turks in (00:01:02) the year 1413 and Western Europe's (00:01:06) population increased Western Europe (00:01:08) stopped the Ottoman expanse but they (00:01:11) still controlled the trade routes to the (00:01:14) east so Spain and Portugal led the way (00:01:17) to building ocean-going vessels to (00:01:19) circumnavigate Africa to the east or to (00:01:22) the west as Spain did to find the riches (00:01:24) of the east (00:01:27) Portugal led the exploration along (00:01:30) Africa due to the initiative of Prince (00:01:33) Henry the Navigator the son of King John (00:01:36) the first in 1415 he captured Quetta on (00:01:40) the African side of the Strait of (00:01:42) Gibraltar he built an observatory in (00:01:45) Lisbon and prepared advanced (00:01:47) navigational tables his court built (00:01:50) shops and traveled to the mid Sierras (00:01:53) and along Africa Portugal is on the (00:01:58) total western side of southeastern (00:02:01) Europe as Spain would develop by the way (00:02:04) I do want to mention that Europe knew (00:02:07) that the continent of Africa (00:02:09) existed because there have been trade (00:02:11) for (00:02:12) entries between northern Africa and (00:02:15) Europe however they didn't know how far (00:02:18) Africa jutted to the south so the (00:02:22) Portuguese began to explore along the (00:02:25) coast of Africa they hugged the coast of (00:02:28) Africa because after so many miles they (00:02:31) might need fresh water fresh food and (00:02:33) they would stop and trade with the (00:02:36) different tribes of Africa and get fresh (00:02:41) water and you know fresh meat to survive (00:02:45) the perilous journey Bartholomew Diaz (00:02:49) gets to the tip of Africa in the year 14 (00:02:52) 88 and Vasco da Gama gets to India by 14 (00:02:57) 97 to 98 again as well (00:03:00) portrait some ships were blown off (00:03:03) course due to a hurricane and the (00:03:07) Portuguese had also claimed Brazil (00:03:09) Brazil is the only country in South (00:03:12) America today that speaks Portuguese and (00:03:14) the other term that I have at the bottom (00:03:17) of this slide is South Tomei that is (00:03:21) important to understand South Tomei is (00:03:25) an island off the coast of Central (00:03:28) Africa there were African tribes a small (00:03:32) group on that Island however the (00:03:35) Portuguese because they had superior (00:03:37) firearms subdued them and they enslaved (00:03:41) the people the Africans knew how to grow (00:03:45) sugar so the Portuguese started the (00:03:48) first European sugar plantation on the (00:03:51) island this out till May and they (00:03:53) actually started the use of African (00:03:57) slavery for these plantations so the (00:04:01) Portuguese will be the first Europeans (00:04:03) to use Africans for slave labor I do (00:04:07) want to mention though that as slavery (00:04:11) expands these different African tribes (00:04:15) Ward against each other just as in North (00:04:18) America different Native American tribes (00:04:20) have Ward against each other the same (00:04:22) thing happened in Africa and these try (00:04:26) would attack their neighbors and enslave (00:04:29) some of the males and females and then (00:04:31) sell them to the Europeans the Europeans (00:04:34) didn't just go to Africa and round up (00:04:37) Africans and board them on vessels they (00:04:41) were purchased by other African tribes (00:04:44) so the Africans themselves are complicit (00:04:47) in the same slave trade as well so you (00:04:50) can see an island the picture of where (00:04:53) South Tomei is off the coast of Central (00:04:55) Africa as far as Spain Christopher (00:04:58) Columbus was an Italian and had gained (00:05:01) experience in Portugal as a chart maker (00:05:04) King John of parche GLE would not (00:05:06) finance him so he persuaded Queen (00:05:08) Isabella of Spain to finance his voyage (00:05:11) westward on October 12 1492 after (00:05:15) travelling 3,000 miles for 33 days a (00:05:18) sailor from the ship Pinta spotted land (00:05:21) on an island in the Bahamas Columbus (00:05:24) thought he was in the East Indies (00:05:26) although all evidence pointed to a (00:05:28) different world there was no known (00:05:31) Arabic language there was different (00:05:33) types of vegetation and different native (00:05:36) peoples (00:05:36) so eventually Columbus realized that he (00:05:40) was on another area a different (00:05:43) continent (00:05:44) and not part of the East Indies Portugal (00:05:48) and Spain were both Catholic countries (00:05:50) so what do you do about the explorations (00:05:52) the Pope tried to divide the world at (00:05:56) 100 degrees west between Portugal and (00:05:59) Spain known as the Treaty of Tordesillas (00:06:02) so Spain and Portugal were claiming much (00:06:06) of the rest of the world for the (00:06:09) Catholic Church this again was an (00:06:11) attempt to diffuse any problems of (00:06:14) warfare between Portugal and Spain Spain (00:06:17) had just liberated its country from the (00:06:23) Muslims that had occupied much of Spain (00:06:26) during the medieval period these (00:06:29) conquerors Spanish conquerors were known (00:06:31) as the conquistadores and in 1492 (00:06:35) they finished the job of pushing the mud (00:06:39) one's out of Africa the same year that (00:06:42) Christopher Columbus sails for Queen (00:06:45) Isabella following Columbus's trip in (00:06:49) 1513 Ponce de Leon claims Florida (00:06:53) that same year balboa crossed the (00:06:56) Isthmus of Panama and discovered the (00:06:58) Pacific Ocean and the first half of the (00:07:01) 16th century Spanish conquistadors (00:07:03) sought after the so called 3 G's God (00:07:07) gold and glory they conquered most of (00:07:11) South and Central America as well as the (00:07:14) southern part of North America in 1519 (00:07:18) Cortez conquered the Aztecs as first (00:07:22) they allowed Cortes and the leader of (00:07:25) the Aztecs Montezuma supposedly had a (00:07:28) dream at one time that he was going to (00:07:31) be meeting gods that were going to be (00:07:34) landing in the Aztec region so he (00:07:38) allowed them to come in just think of (00:07:40) these Native Americans they had not seen (00:07:43) any type of modern warships when the (00:07:47) Spanish had gotten off the ships they (00:07:50) were dressed in armor it was only (00:07:52) natural that they would think of them as (00:07:54) gods they also had horses which they had (00:07:58) never seen before so this was sort of (00:08:00) like a a spaceship landing from outer (00:08:04) space and seeing a new people so the the (00:08:08) Aztecs were in awe of the Spanish at (00:08:12) first however they start to tire of (00:08:14) Cortez (00:08:15) but in the process the Spanish (00:08:18) unknowingly brought different types of (00:08:21) diseases such as smallpox measles mumps (00:08:25) that the Native Americans were never (00:08:29) exposed to and it started to decimate (00:08:32) their civilization so Cortes even though (00:08:36) there was a small amount of men were (00:08:38) able to quickly subdue these the Aztecs (00:08:42) of Mexico between 1519 and 1521 Magellan (00:08:47) had started a voyage around the world he (00:08:50) would be killed by natives in (00:08:53) the country of present-day Philippines (00:08:55) but his second-in-command del caño would (00:08:59) actually complete the trip so again (00:09:01) Magellan and del caño are known for the (00:09:04) first round the world voyage and (00:09:06) Francisco Pizarro defeats the Incas and (00:09:10) the Incas had copious amounts of silver (00:09:12) one battle in 1536 there were 180 (00:09:16) Spaniards versus 100,000 native-american (00:09:20) Incas Pizarro was successful due to (00:09:23) superior firepower he also killed the (00:09:26) king and when he killed the king many of (00:09:29) the Warriors dispersed so again the (00:09:31) Spanish even though they had very low (00:09:34) numbers were successful in subduing the (00:09:37) Native Americans due to superior (00:09:39) firepower and also diseases that wiped (00:09:43) out the Native Americans the light blue (00:09:45) area on the left are the areas where the (00:09:49) Spanish had conquered and in the dark (00:09:53) gray you can see different areas that (00:09:56) would be claimed by Portugal the (00:09:58) Portuguese were mostly interested in (00:10:00) trade whereas the Spanish wanted an (00:10:04) overseas Empire furthering these (00:10:07) explorations de Vaca sailed up the Gulf (00:10:11) of Mexico and went into the interior of (00:10:13) Texas de Soto went through the Carolinas (00:10:16) to the Mississippi River and Coronado (00:10:19) laid claim to the southwest present-day (00:10:23) Arizona and Colorado of the United (00:10:25) States as far as cultural exchanges this (00:10:28) is known as the Columbian Exchange (00:10:30) Europe gave the new world horses cows (00:10:34) sugar and on the negative side certain (00:10:38) diseases such as smallpox and measles (00:10:40) the Americas gave corn beans and (00:10:44) potatoes as well as tomatoes to Europe (00:10:47) that they had never known before as well (00:10:50) as syphilis and gonorrhea so in a way (00:10:53) the Native Americans did a little (00:10:56) payback to the Europeans and David (00:10:59) standard is an historian who wrote the (00:11:01) American Holocaust it is estimated that (00:11:04) there might have been 100 million (00:11:07) Native Americans at the time of (00:11:09) Columbus's voyage in at around 1500 (00:11:13) however in just 100 years the population (00:11:17) of the Native Americans in North Central (00:11:19) and South America decreased to 1 million (00:11:22) again primarily due to different (00:11:24) diseases there are artistic renditions (00:11:27) of the Aztecs showing the faces of (00:11:31) warriors with talked marks on their (00:11:35) cheeks again signs of smallpox and by (00:11:38) 1900 the number of Native Americans in (00:11:41) North Central and South America would (00:11:43) decline to three hundred seventy-five (00:11:45) thousand so again David standard wrote (00:11:48) about this episode as the American (00:11:51) Holocaust in 1680 the Spanish didn't (00:11:54) meet some type of resistance the Fertile (00:11:57) Rio Grande River Valley and it's Puebla (00:11:59) Indian inhabitants were targets for (00:12:02) Franciscan missionaries the Spanish used (00:12:05) Indian labor to produce valuable (00:12:07) commodities and eventually Santa Fe New (00:12:10) Mexico was established with a population (00:12:13) of 3,000 Spanish when they settled only (00:12:17) brought male warriors these male (00:12:20) warriors married female Native Americans (00:12:24) so their offsprings were known as (00:12:26) mestizos or a mixture of Spanish and (00:12:30) Native Americans that's where you get (00:12:33) the term Hispanic from so a Spanish and (00:12:38) Aztec would form the Mexicans these (00:12:43) Spanish and people that had lived on (00:12:45) Puerto Rico would be toward a Rican same (00:12:49) thing with Cuban and there would be (00:12:51) slaves mixed with that population also (00:12:53) but that is important to understand that (00:12:55) Spanish did not really bring men and (00:12:58) women for settlement it was generally (00:13:00) men who married Native Americans so they (00:13:03) were in control of over 50,000 pueblos (00:13:06) you also had O'Day who was a Native (00:13:11) American a play blow and po'pay (00:13:14) organized various groups of pueblos (00:13:16) against the Spanish massacring 400 (00:13:18) colonists (00:13:19) the remainder fled south to Mexico City (00:13:22) the play Blues soon started to attack (00:13:24) each other and attacks occurred by (00:13:26) Apache and Navajo 's po'pay dies in 1682 (00:13:30) and Spain launches a counter-attack some (00:13:33) of the pueblos welcomed their return for (00:13:35) safety against the Apache and Navajo but (00:13:38) the Spanish were more tolerant of Pueblo (00:13:40) customs Spain had a formidable Empire by (00:13:44) the mid 1500s and Spain ruled from (00:13:46) Mexico to the tip of South America the (00:13:49) Netherlands the Italian peninsula and (00:13:51) Central Europe two factors made the (00:13:54) Empire begin to crumble first gold and (00:13:57) silver flowed into Spain inflation's (00:13:59) soars as their purchasing power did (00:14:02) Western Europe was at the beginning of (00:14:04) capitalism and Spain's manufacturers (00:14:07) could not compete with the lower wages (00:14:09) in other countries so England and the (00:14:12) Netherlands would thrive off of Spain's (00:14:14) too fat and the next lesson we will talk (00:14:17) about other European countries that (00:14:20) would start to settle into the new world